Trace the rise of Mahayana Buddhism and the development of the Bhagavatism cult during the Post-Mauryan era.

The Post-Mauryan period (c. 200 B.C. – 300 A.D.) was a time of significant religious transformation. It saw a shift from abstract philosophies to devotional (Bhakti) cults. This era witnessed the rise of Mahayana Buddhism and the growth of Bhagavatism, both of which emphasized a personal bond between the devotee and the deity.

1. The Rise of Mahayana Buddhism

Mahayana (The Greater Vehicle) emerged as a response to the rigid, orthodox practices of the earlier Hinayana sect:

  • Deification of Buddha: Buddha was no longer viewed just as a human teacher but as a God. His statues were carved and worshipped for the first time, especially under Kanishka’s patronage.
  • Concept of Bodhisattvas: This period introduced Bodhisattvas—compassionate beings who delayed their own salvation to help others. This made the religion more social and inclusive.
  • Language and Rituals: Mahayana scholars like Ashvaghosha and Nagarjuna began using Sanskrit instead of Pali. Rituals, prayers, and idol worship became central to the faith.

2. Development of the Bhagavatism Cult

Bhagavatism was a Brahminical movement centered on the worship of Vishnu/Krishna (Bhagavan):

  • Doctrine of Bhakti: It prioritized Bhakti (total devotion) and Prasada (divine grace) over Vedic animal sacrifices and rituals. This made it popular among the lower Varnas and women.
  • Assimilation of Local Deities: The cult grew by absorbing local heroes like Vasudeva-Krishna and identifying them as Avatars (incarnations) of Vishnu.
  • Inclusion of Foreigners: Bhagavatism was so attractive that even foreigners adopted it. A famous example is the Besnagar Pillar Inscription by the Greek ambassador Heliodorus, who called himself a 'Param-Bhagavata.'

3. Comparison: A Common Trend

Both movements shared striking similarities in their "Why and How":

  • Common Goal: Both targeted the masses by offering an emotional connection to God.
  • Artistic Impact: Both led to the construction of temples and sculptures, moving away from simple open-air stupas or sacrificial altars.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the rise of Mahayana and Bhagavatism marked the end of the austere Vedic and early Buddhist ages. They laid the foundation for Puranic Hinduism and the massive spread of Buddhism to Central Asia. These cults transformed religion from a priestly monopoly into a popular movement based on love, faith, and salvation for all.