Divide Odisha into its major Physiographic regions and describe the characteristics of the Central Tableland.

Based on morphological homogeneity and relief characteristics, Odisha is divided into five major physiographic regions. These divisions reflect the state's transition from the Bay of Bengal to the Chota Nagpur and Bastar plateaus.

  • 1. The Coastal Plains: Known as the "Gift of Six Rivers" (Hexadeltaic region), stretching from the Subarnarekha in the north to the Rushikulya in the south.
  • 2. The Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region: This covers about three-fourths of the state and is part of the Eastern Ghats. It contains the highest peak, Deomali (1,672 m).
  • 3. The Central Tableland (Plateaus): A region of subdued plateaus and rolling uplands that acts as a transition zone between the mountains and the western uplands.
  • 4. The Western Rolling Uplands: These are lower in elevation than the plateaus, formed by river erosion in the basins of the Ib, Tel, and Koel rivers.
  • 5. Major River Valleys: These fertile floodplains are associated with the Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Vansadhara river systems.

Characteristics of the Central Tableland

The Central Tableland (often referred to as the Subdued Plateaus) represents the core of Odisha’s peninsular geography. Its elevation typically ranges between 305 meters and 610 meters above mean sea level.

  • Geological Formation: It consists of ancient Precambrian rocks. The topography is largely flat to undulating, representing denuded remnants of old mountain ranges.
  • Major Sub-divisions:
    • Panposh-Keonjhar-Pallahara Plateau: Drained by the Upper Baitarani. It is a vital mineral-rich zone (Iron and Manganese).
    • Nabarangpur-Jeypore Plateau: Located in the south, it comprises the Sabari basin and is characterized by lateritic soil.
  • Drainage System: The tableland is intersected by deep river valleys. In these areas, sheet erosion is common on the flat surfaces, while gully erosion is prominent along the river banks.
  • Soil and Vegetation: The region is dominated by Red and Yellow soils and Laterite soils. It supports Tropical Dry Deciduous forests and is a major area for millets and pulses cultivation.
  • Economic Importance: It serves as a major industrial-mining corridor. The Talcher-Angul coal belt and the Keonjhar iron ore mines are located within or adjacent to this physiographic division.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Central Tableland acts as the geographic bridge of Odisha, connecting the high Eastern Ghats with the lower Western Uplands. Its unique blend of mineral wealth and plateau topography makes it indispensable for the state's industrial consolidation and tribal economy.