Describe the Mountain systems of Odisha with special reference to the highest peaks of the Eastern Ghats.
The Mountain Systems of Odisha are an integral part of the Eastern Ghats. Covering nearly three-fourths of the state's total area, these mountains are not a continuous range but a series of dissected plateaus and rugged hills. They play a vital role in determining the climate, drainage, and mineral wealth of the region.
1. Classification of Mountain Systems
Geographically, the mountainous region of Odisha can be divided into several distinct zones:
- The Northern Plateau: This includes the Similipal and Keonjhar massifs. It is a mineral-rich zone characterized by iron ore and manganese deposits.
- The Central Tableland: It consists of subdued plateaus like the Panposh-Keonjhar-Pallahara plateau, acting as a bridge between the northern and southern highlands.
- The Southern Eastern Ghats: This is the highest and most rugged part of the system, stretching through Kandhamal, Rayagada, Gajapati, and Koraput districts.
2. The Highest Peaks of the Eastern Ghats in Odisha
The Southern Highlands of Odisha host some of the most prominent peaks of the Eastern Ghats. These peaks are essential for orographic rainfall and serve as biodiversity hotspots.
| Peak Name | Elevation (Approx) | District / Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Deomali | 1,672 meters | Located in Koraput; it is the highest peak in Odisha. |
| Turia Konda | 1,598 meters | The second highest peak, also located in the Koraput district. |
| Mahendragiri | 1,501 meters | Located in Gajapati; famous for its mythological and ecological value. |
| Malyagiri | 1,187 meters | Located in Angul (Pallahara); an important peak in Central Odisha. |
3. Geographical and Ecological Characteristics
- Geology: The mountains are primarily composed of Charnockites and Khondalites. These are ancient metamorphic rocks belonging to the Pre-Cambrian era.
- Climate Impact: The North-South orientation of these hills forces the South-West Monsoon winds to rise, leading to heavy rainfall in the windward slopes of Koraput and Kandhamal.
- Vegetation: These peaks are covered with Tropical Semi-Evergreen and Moist Deciduous forests. They are home to many endemic species of flora and medicinal plants.
- River Sources: Many major rivers like the Baitarani (Gonasika), Budhabalanga (Similipal), and Rushikulya (Daringbadi) originate from these mountain systems.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Mountain Systems of Odisha are more than just geographical features; they are the climate regulators and resource banks of the state. While Deomali represents the physical zenith of Odisha, the entire Eastern Ghats stretch provides the ecological stability necessary for the state's sustainable development. Protecting these highlands from excessive mining and deforestation is crucial for the future of Odisha.