Multipurpose River Valley projects; Sugar Industry shifting to the South; Tribal population distribution; Natural Hazards (Cyclones/Floods).

Geography & Economy: Recurring Themes (2006-2010)

1. Multipurpose River Valley Projects

Jawaharlal Nehru ne in projects ko "Modern India ke Mandir" kaha tha. Inka maqsad ek hi dam se kai zarooraton ko pura karna hota hai.

  • Flood Control: Nadi ke tez bahaav ko rokna (e.g., Damodar Valley).
  • Irrigation: Sookhe ilakon tak nahron (canals) ke zariye pani pahunchana.
  • Hydroelectricity: Paani ki taqat se bijli banana.
  • Odisha Context: Hirakud Dam (Mahanadi) duniya ke sabse lambe mitti ke bandhon mein se ek hai.

2. Sugar Industry: North se South ka Safar

Pichle kuch dashakon (decades) mein Sugar industry Uttar Pradesh aur Bihar se hatkar Maharashtra aur Karnataka ki taraf shift ho rahi hai.

  • Tropical Climate: South India ka mausam ganna (sugarcane) ke liye zyada behtar hai, jisse Sucrose content (मिठास) zyada milti hai.
  • Longer Crushing Season: South mein ganna pelne ka season 7-8 mahine chalta hai, jabki North mein sirf 4 mahine.
  • Cooperative Societies: South India mein sugar mills ko kisanon ki Cooperative societies chalati hain, jo zyada efficient hain.

3. Tribal Population Distribution in India

India mein Scheduled Tribes (STs) ka distribution unki physical aur cultural zarooraton par depend karta hai.

  • Central Belt: Sabse zyada tribal population isi area mein hai (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand). Gonds aur Santhals yahan ke pramukh tribes hain.
  • North-East: Yahan percentage ke hisaab se sabse zyada tribals hain (Mizoram, Nagaland).
  • PVTGs: Odisha mein sabse zyada Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (13 groups) paye jate hain, jaise Bonda aur Dongria Kondh.

4. Natural Hazards: Cyclones and Floods

India ki geographical location ise hazards ke liye vulnerable banati hai, khaaskar coastal states ko.

  • Cyclones: Bay of Bengal mein pressure kam hone ki wajah se Odisha aur Andhra coast par aksar toofan aate hain.
  • Floods: Monsoon ki bhari barish se Brahmaputra aur Ganga plains mein har saal baadh aati hai.
  • Disaster Management: Odisha ka "Zero Casualty" model aaj puri duniya mein misaal hai (e.g., Cyclone Fani ke waqt management).