Buddhism and the Emergence of Cities: A Symbiotic Relationship
Q: Is there a relationship between rise of Buddhism and emergence of cities in the Ganga Plain ? Trace the growth of urbanisation in its early phase.
The Second Urbanization (c. 6th Century BCE) in the Ganga Plain and the rise of Buddhism were deeply interconnected phenomena. Historians like R.S. Sharma argue that this era was marked by the transition from a semi-nomadic life to a Sedentary Agrarian Economy, creating the material base for both cities and new faiths.
1. The Relationship: Faith and Finance
- Social Acceptance: Buddhism provided Moral Legitimacy to the emerging Vaishya (mercantile) class. While Brahmanical texts despised Usury (lending money for interest), Buddhism was Trade-friendly, attracting wealthy Setthis who funded urban monasteries.
- Urban Patronage: Early cities like Rajgriha, Sravasti, and Varanasi served as hubs for Buddhist proselytization. The Sangha depended on the Agricultural Surplus generated by these urban centers.
2. Early Phase of Urbanization
The growth was driven by Iron Technology and Wet Paddy Transplantation.
- Political Catalysts: The transformation of Janapadas into Mahajanapadas led to the creation of fortified Capital Cities.
- Material Culture: The appearance of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) and Punch-marked Coins signaled a sophisticated Monetary Economy.
Definition of Key Term
Sedentary Agrarian Economy: A system where people live permanently in one place to farm. Example: The clearing of thick forests in the Middle Ganga Valley using iron axes allowed for Permanent Settlements that eventually grew into cities like Pataliputra.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Buddhism acted as the Ideological Superstructure for the Urban Infrastructure of the Ganga Plain. As Romila Thapar observes, the city provided the audience, while Buddhism provided the Social Ethics suitable for an Urban Lifestyle. This synergy laid the foundation for India's first Imperial Age.
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